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Since Jenner, vaccines and vaccinations have stirred a hot, highly polarized debate, leading to contrasting positions and feelings, ranging from acritical enthusiasm to blind denial. On the one hand, we find anti-vaccination movements which divulge and disseminate misleading information, myths, prejudices, and even frauds, with the main aim of denying that vaccination practices represent a major public...
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. Unfortunately, formulation of recommendations on routine immunization is hampered by a lack of data on disease burden, since most countries do not record cases of HZ in the general population. We developed and validated an algorithm to identify HZ based on routinely collected registry data and...
The relationship between the antigen dose and the quality of an immune response generated upon immunization is poorly understood. However, findings show that the immune system is indeed influenced by the antigen dose; hence underlining the importance of correctly determining which dose to use in order to generate a certain type of immune response.To investigate this area further, we used Göttingen...
The Center for Vaccine Development – Mali (CVD – Mali), the World Health Organization’s regional office in Africa (WHO/AFRO), and the CVD at the University of Maryland School of Medicine hosted the 10th African Rotavirus Symposium in Bamako, Mali on 1–2 June 2016. The symposium is coordinated by WHO/AFRO, the Regional Rotavirus Reference Laboratories, and the African Rotavirus Network (ARN), with...
Since December 2015, the first dengue vaccine has been licensed in several Asian and Latin American countries for protection against disease from all four dengue virus serotypes. While the vaccine demonstrated an overall good safety and efficacy profile in clinical trials, some key research questions remain which make risk-benefit-assessment for some populations difficult. As for any new vaccine,...
Influenza A virus remains a major threat to public health, and the inactivated split-virus vaccine is the most prevalent vaccine used worldwide. However, our knowledge about cellular immune responses to the inactivated influenza virus vaccine and its correlation with humoral responses are yet limited, which has restricted our understanding of the vaccine’s protective mechanisms. Herein, in two clinical...
In order to prevent outbreaks from wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus, maintenance of population immunity in non-endemic countries is critical.We estimated population seroprevalence using dried blood spots collected from 4893 children 6–59months olds in the 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Population immunity was 81%, 90%, and 70% for poliovirus...
Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus seriously affect dairy animals and immunization of host is considered as a sustainable option for the management of the tick species. Identification and validation of protective molecules are the major challenges in developing a cross-protective vaccine. The subolesin (SUB), calreticulin (CRT) and cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CathL) genes of...
GK-1 is a parasite-derived peptide adjuvant of 18 amino acid-length that enhances T-cell function and increases survival in B16-F10 melanoma tumor-bearing mice. This study was designed to evaluate in vivo the antitumor efficacy of GK-1 on 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma.BALB/c mice with palpable primary tumors were weekly intravenously injected three times with saline solution or three different concentrations...
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants are associated with chronic hepatitis B, spontaneous hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance, and response to hepatitis B vaccine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HLA-DP (rs9277535 and rs3077) and HLA-DQ (rs2856718 and rs7453920) have been repeatedly associated with chronic hepatitis B and spontaneous...
Vaccines have much relevance and promise for improving adult health in the United States, but to date, overall use and uptake remain far below desired levels. Many adults have not received recommended vaccinations and many healthcare providers do not strongly and actively encourage their use with patients. This has led some public health and medical experts to conclude that adult vaccines are severely...
The current live rabies vaccine SAG2 is attenuated by only one mutation (Arg-to-Glu) at position 333 in the glycoprotein (G333). This fact generates a potential risk of the emergence of a pathogenic revertant by a back mutation at this position during viral propagation in the body. To circumvent this risk, it is desirable to generate a live vaccine strain highly and stably attenuated by multiple mutations...
On January 16, 2013, the Food and Drug Administration approved recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine (RIV3) (Spodoptera frugiperda cell line; Flublok), which is the first completely egg-free flu vaccine licensed in the United States. To improve our understanding of the safety profile of this vaccine, we reviewed and summarized reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) following...
Modern subunit vaccines have excellent safety profiles and improved tolerability, but do not elicit strong immune responses without the addition of adjuvants. Developing a safe and affective adjuvant remains a challenge for peptide-based vaccine design. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6) is one of the earliest-developed, synthetic, peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonists. These...
The National Advisory Committee on Immunization in Canada recommends human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for females and males (ages 9–26). In Canada, the HPV vaccine is predominantly administered through publicly funded school-based programs in provinces and territories. This research provides an overview of Canadian provincial and territorial school-based HPV vaccination program administration...
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The vaccines that are currently available for leptospirosis are composed of whole-cell preparations and suffer from limitations such as low efficacy, multiple side-effects, poor immunological memory and lack of cross-protection against different serovars of Leptospira spp. In light of the global prevalence of this disease,...
Influenza is a major respiratory pathogen and vaccination is the main method of prophylaxis. In 2012, the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV3) was licensed in Europe for use in children. Vaccine-induced antibodies directed against the main viral surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA), play an important role in virus neutralization through different mechanism. The objective of this...
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